The robustness of stem cells is one of the major factors that directly impacts life quality and life span. other hand, progress in the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient somatic cells provides valuable tools with which to study changes in gene expression in psychotic patients. We will discuss the various potential sources of stem cells that are currently employed in regenerative medicine and the mechanisms that explain some of their beneficial effects as well as the emerging problems with stem cell therapies. However, the main question remains: Will it be possible in the future to modulate the stem cell compartment to reverse psychiatric problems? there Z-VAD(OH)-FMK are papers that address the potential role of stem cells circulating in PB as diagnostic and prognostic markers of psychotic disorders. In this issue, the current status of research on neural stem cells as well as potential applications of iPSCs in understanding the pathogenesis of certain neurological disorders are also discussed. There is no doubt that this research area, encouraged by exciting initial clinical reports, will expand, and we can expect many interesting findings in the coming years. However, the question of whether stem cells will find direct application in Z-VAD(OH)-FMK treating psychotic patients is still open. Nevertheless, the fact that several treatment procedures currently in place using certain drugs (e.g., lithium) (Ferensztajn-Rochowiak et al., 2016; Z-VAD(OH)-FMK Focosi et al., 2009; Oi et al., 2017), therapies based on the application of metformin (Ratajczak et al., 2014a), and regular exercise therapy (Boppart et al., 2015; Marycz et al., 2016) have an impact Z-VAD(OH)-FMK on the stem cell compartment in psychotic patients justifies further studies in this area. Conclusions There is no doubt that stem cell therapies are the future of clinical medicine. However, news stories published by nonprofessional media predicting that clinical applications for a variety of medical problems will soon be available fosters premature and often unrealistic expectations in the public. Serious problems hampering progress in the field include patent issues and the financial involvement of biotechnology companies, which are frequently driven by competition, to the exclusion of cooperation. The ethical concerns that have emerged around stem cells isolated from human embryos are somewhat muted, as these cells will not be employed in the clinic in the foreseeable future because of the risk of teratoma formation, Similarly, problems have emerged with iPSCs because of the genomic instability of these cells, and in this review we have tried to cool overheated expectations for the clinical application of these cells (Blasco et al., 2011; Ratajczak et al., 2014a; Yoshihara et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2015). We also addressed the current state of adult stem cell therapies that, except in the hematological field, are mainly based on paracrine and trophic effects that increase survival and regeneration of damaged organs (Bryukhovetskiy and Bryukhovetskiy, 2015; Cambria et al., 2016; Carvalho et al., 2015; Divani et al., 2007; Kasahara et al., 2016; Liu and Ratajczak, 2012; Serebrovskaya et al., 2011). Nevertheless, the identification of developmentally primitive VSELs residing in adult tissues and promising evidence that these cells can be isolated and expanded ex vivo (Kucia et al., 2006; Ratajczak et al., 2011a; Shin et al., 2010) opens the door Z-VAD(OH)-FMK to a new chapter in regenerative medicine. There is also no doubt that, along with stem cells and their potential clinical applications, a new chapter will be written in modern psychiatry. ? Highlights The robustness of stem cells is one of the major factors that directly impacts life quality and life span. Evidence has accumulated that changes in the stem cell compartment CDC46 affect human mental health and serve as an indicator of psychiatric problems. However, the main question remains: Will it be possible in the future to modulate the stem cell compartment to reverse psychiatric problems? Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Harmonia NCN grant UMO-2014/14/M/NZ3/00475 and NIH grant R01HL112788 to MZR. Footnotes Publisher’s Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and.