Supplementary MaterialsAdditional file 1: Additional Material and Methods. in each field. (DOCX 16?kb) 12964_2017_190_MOESM1_ESM.docx (14K) NF2 GUID:?50FD8E0A-2855-47C5-904F-CA1279B4D3CB Additional file 2: Astrocytes from CRAMP-knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) mice were incubated with bacterial supernatants of Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) or Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (NM) and bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN) for 24?h. After incubation, glial cells were fixed and immunolabeled using the proliferation marker Ki67 (red), TUNEL reaction mixture for apoptosis and DAPI for nuclear counterstaining (blue). (A) Representative results from one of three indie tests. (B) Ki67 proliferation index was computed by the amount of positive cells expressing Ki67 divided by the full total amount of cells in each field. These total results were determined for at least 20 different cells. Scale club?=?20?m. (TIFF 8603?kb) 12964_2017_190_MOESM2_ESM.tif (8.4M) GUID:?4DB2ACE8-D4BF-4059-8DAB-BFD3BF4FDECB Extra document 3: Microglial cells from CRAMP-knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) mice were incubated with bacterial supernatants of Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) or Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (NM) and bacterial cell wall structure components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN) for 24?h. After incubation, glial cells had been set and immunolabeled using the proliferation marker Ki67 (reddish colored), TUNEL response blend for apoptosis and DAPI for nuclear counterstaining (blue). (A) Consultant outcomes in one of three indie tests. (B) Ki67 proliferation index was computed by the amount of positive cells expressing Ki67 divided by the full total amount of cells in each field. These outcomes were computed for at least 20 different cells. Scale club?=?20?m. (TIFF 6059?kb) 12964_2017_190_MOESM3_ESM.tif (5.9M) GUID:?B1A8CABE-38E1-4397-A054-72B496395313 Extra document 4: Microglial cells from CRAMP-WT (A) or KO (B) mice were incubated with 1, 2 or 10?M mouse CRAMP with or without supernatant of NM for 30?min, 1 or 2 2?h. After incubation cells were fixed and immunolabeled using anti-NFB p65 antibody (red) and nuclear counterstaining DAPI (blue) and examined with fluorescence microscopy. The physique shows representative Varespladib methyl results from three impartial experiments. Scale bar?=?20?m. (TIFF 19383?kb) 12964_2017_190_MOESM4_ESM.tif (19M) GUID:?D67873E9-8C4D-4168-8CF4-C3C55748C1AC Additional file 5: Microglial cells from CRAMP-WT or KO mice were incubated with 1, 2 or 10?M mouse CRAMP with or without supernatant of NM for 6?h. After incubation cells were fixed and immunolabeled using anti-HO-1 antibody (green) and Varespladib methyl nuclear counterstaining DAPI (blue) and examined with fluorescence microscopy. The physique shows representative results from three impartial experiments. Scale bar?=?20?m. (TIFF 3834?kb) 12964_2017_190_MOESM5_ESM.tif (3.7M) GUID:?DC5F9DA2-6E16-4B2E-AD1F-67FF51599BB1 Data Availability StatementPlease contact author for data requests. Abstract Background Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the host defence with a broad range of functions including direct antimicrobial activity and modulation of inflammation. Lack of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) was associated with higher mortality and bacterial burden and impaired neutrophil granulocyte infiltration in Varespladib methyl a model of pneumococcal meningitis. The present study was designed to characterize the effects of CRAMP deficiency on glial Varespladib methyl response and phagocytosis after exposure to bacterial stimuli. Methods CRAMP-knock out and wildtype glial cells were exposed to bacterial supernatants from and or the bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Cell viability, expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and activation of signal transduction pathways, phagocytosis rate and glial cell phenotype were investigated by means of cell viability assays, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Results CRAMP-deficiency was associated with stronger expression of pro-inflammatory and weakened expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines indicating a higher degree of glial cell activation even under resting-state conditions. Furthermore, increased translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells was observed and phagocytosis of was reduced in CRAMP-deficient microglia indicating impaired antimicrobial activity. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study detected severe alterations of the glial immune response due to lack of CRAMP. The results indicate the importance of CRAMP to maintain and regulate the delicate balance between beneficial and harmful immune response in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-017-0190-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. (SP) and (NM) or bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PNG). Glial cell viability, expression of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cyto- and chemokines, phagocytosis rate and glial cell activation were investigated by means of cell viability assays, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Furthermore, the regulation of signal transduction pathways, such nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NFB) or the anti-inflammatory signal transduction.