Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), a unique subtype of pancreatitis, is often accompanied by systemic inflammatory disorders. Short- and long-term corticosteroid treatment may induce adverse events, including chronic glycometabolism, obesity, an immunocompromised status against contamination, cataracts, glaucoma, osteoporosis, and myopathy. AIP is usually common in old age and is often associated with diabetes mellitus (33C78%). Thus, there is an argument for corticosteroid therapy in diabetes patients with no symptoms. With low-dose steroid treatment or treatment withdrawal, there’s a high occurrence of AIP recurrence (24C52%). As 4-Aminohippuric Acid a result, there’s a dependence on long-term steroid maintenance therapy and/or 4-Aminohippuric Acid steroid-sparing agencies (immunomodulators and rituximab). Corticosteroids play a crucial function in the procedure and medical diagnosis of AIP. = 393; females: = 117 feminine) with type 1 AIP within a follow-up of typically 61.1 months. Within their research, dental consumption of 2.5C5 mg/day of prednisolone for six months was thought as low-dose MST. The entire relapse price within an MST 5 mg/time group (26%) was considerably less than that within a non-MST group (45%, = 0.023), as well as the relapse rate was low in a 2 even.5 mg/day MST group (43%, = 0.001). Within their research, the relapse price nearly reached a plateau after 7 years (43%) and continued to be unchanged after a decade (47%). Through the research period, feasible steroid-related complications had been documented in 4% (20/510) of sufferers, with nearly all problems developing after three years. Many sufferers skilled poor glycemic control, that was treated with oral antidiabetic insulin Slc3a2 or agents injections. Osteoporosis created in 13 (2.5%) situations. Other complications had been steroid myopathy (= 1), fungal attacks (= 3), bacterial attacks (= 1), cerebral infarctions (= 1), and 4-Aminohippuric Acid atherosclerosis (= 1). Several complications (50%) created after the gathered steroid quantity exceeded 10,000 mg, and undesirable occasions became serious (15/20) when MST was continuing for > 5 years. In a Japanese nationwide randomized controlled trial, Masamune et al. [72] compared the relapse rate of patients receiving MST (5C7.5 mg/day) for 3 years with that of a cessation group (treatment discontinued after 26 weeks). The relapse rate was significantly higher in the cessation group (58%, 11/19 patients within 3 years) than that in the MST group (23%, 7/30 patients) (= 0.011), despite no serious steroid-related events requiring steroid discontinuation in both groups. For long time, it had been believed that type 2 AIP rarely recurs after the initial steroid treatment [3,12,13,73]. However, the multicenter Dutch cohort study showed 27% (3/11) of recurrence in type 2 AIP during the median follow-up of 52 months, treatable by the restart of corticosteroid. They also described the necessity for MST as almost half of the AIP patients (55/107) during the median 74 months of follow-up [21]. MST recommendations are based mainly on the data in the aforementioned studies. However, most cases of AIP occur in elderly patients, and some corticosteroid-related events (e.g., cataracts, glaucoma, and osteoporosis) likely emerge after a long period. Further observations may be needed in these studies. To think of a 4-Aminohippuric Acid good response by restarting corticosteroid therapy [28,29,32,74] and an increase in severe complications due to a high cumulative dose of steroids [75], relapse may not necessarily be weighted as a main matter. As the risk factors predicting relapse have been intensively analyzed, limiting MST to high-risk patients may be a feasible treatment strategy. Occasionally, an enlarged pancreas spontaneously shrinks without steroid treatment. Spontaneous regression is most likely to be seen in female type 1 AIP patients with biliary stent placement [76]. Hence, it may be better.